## Viscous Inverse Design¶

This notebook demonstrates the use of gradients from viiflow for fully viscous inverse design. It defines a target pressure distribution from one airfoil and, coming from another airfoil, tries to find the shape necessary to arrive at this target pressure. It uses virtual displacements, which do not necessitate the recalculation of the panel operator. Instead, it uses the same model used for the effect of boundary layer thickness onto the flow for modification of the airfoil shape.

The heart of this notebook is a Gauss-Newton iteration which solves for these virtual displacements. Instead of trying to solve the pressure distribution exactly, the iteration sovles a least-squares problem that joins the pressure difference with regularizing terms. Fully viscous inverse design is not a straightforward problem. There are several ways an optimizer may cheat, for example

• The velocity is defined by the inviscid solution of the airfoil shape plus boundary layer thickness. An optimizer can therefore choose to reduce the thickness of the airfoil if for some reason a thick boundary layer leads to the target velocity distribution.
• Kinks in the desired velocity are, in the case below, due to laminar-turbulent transition. However, an optimizer can choose to model this kink by an actual kink in the airfoil.

To alleviate this, the pressure error is appended by a regularizing term that penalizes non-smooth displacements - simply by adding $\frac{\mathrm{d}^2}{\mathrm{d}^2 s} \delta_{virtual}(s)$ at every point along the airfoil surface coordinate $s$ to the Least-Squares problem.

The parameters chosen to increrase/decrease the penalties were chosen ad-hoc by trial and error. In addition, the nodes very close to the stagnation point are not modified.

In addition, the residual $r$ of the viiflow solver itself is added to the Least-Squares problem and scaled such that at convergence its error is sufficiently low. Every iteration then performs for dispalcements $y$ and the viiflow variables $x$ $$y^{k+1} = y^k - \lambda {\Delta y}^k\\ x^{k+1} = x^k - \lambda {\Delta x}^k\\ {\Delta y}^k, {\Delta x}^k = \min_{\Delta y,\Delta x} \| F(y^k,x^k) - \frac{\partial F}{\partial y}(y^k,x^k) \Delta y - \frac{\partial F}{\partial x}(y^k,x^k) \Delta x\|^2\\ \|F(y,x)\|^2 = \gamma_{cp}^2\|ue(y)-ue_{target}\|^2 + \gamma_y^2\| \frac{\mathrm{d}^2}{\mathrm{d}^2 s} y \|^2 + \gamma_r^2 \|r(y,x)\|^2$$ This may seem like a large problem, but the effort for solving the overdetermined least-squares problem grows largely with the degrees of freedom, not the amount of equations.

Below, this procedure is used to morph the S805 airfoil into the S825 airfoil. Even with the regularizing terms, little dips that enforce the laminar-turbulent transition can still be seen when zooming in.

While this solves for an airfoil shape of a specified pressure distribution, it is probably not a very smart idea to use this for actual design. A better idea is to use first an inviscid inverse design method, e.g. conformal mapping [1, 2], and remove the discrepancies using a fully viscid iteration. The benefit of this Gauss-Newton approach is how straightforward additional constraints can be included, e.g. only fit the suction side from .1c onwards or fit multiple target distributions at multiple angles of attack.

In [1]:
import viiflow as vf
import viiflowtools.vf_tools as vft
import viiflowtools.vf_plots as vfp
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [2]:
# Analysis Settings
RE = 1e6
ncrit =5
Mach = 0.0
alpha = 4.0

N = 300

# Solve target for our target cp (or more precisely edge velocity)
s = vf.setup(Re=RE,Ma=Mach,Ncrit=ncrit,Alpha=alpha)

# Internal iterations
s.Itermax = 100

# Set-up and initialize based on inviscid panel solution
[p,bl,x] = vf.init([TARGET],s)
res = None

# Solve aerodynamic problem of target airfoil
vf.iter(x,bl,p,s,None,None)
XT0 = p.foils[0].X[0,:].copy()
UT = p.gamma_viscid[0:p.foils[0].N].copy()

# Set-up and initialize based on inviscid panel solution
[p,bl,x0] = vf.init([BASE],s)
res = None

# Solve aerodynamic problem of current airfoil and save for later plotting
XC0 = p.foils[0].X[0,:].copy()
UC = p.gamma_viscid[0:p.foils[0].N].copy()

# To interpolate from one grid to the next, suction and pressure side must have unique grid points
# That is why below a grid is created where the pressure side is appended with *-1 at the nose
XT = XT0.copy()
XC = XC0.copy()
XT[np.argmin(XT0)+1::] = 2*XT0[np.argmin(XT0)]-XT0[np.argmin(XT0)+1::]
XC[np.argmin(XC0)+1::] = 2*XC0[np.argmin(XC0)]-XC0[np.argmin(XC0)+1::]

# Interpolate target pressure onto current airfoil grid
UT = np.interp(-XC.flatten(),-XT.flatten(),np.asarray(UT[:,0]).flatten())

Iteration 10, |res| 0.000092, lam 0.984502
Iteration 7, |res| 0.000093, lam 1.000000

In [3]:
# Weighting factors for Gauss-Newton
facx = 500 # Penalty for smooth dioscplacement
fac_err = 5 #Weighting of cp error w.r.t. above penalties
fac_res = 1e4

NAERO = x.shape[0]
NVD = len(XC)

# Set-up and initialize based on inviscid panel solution
[p,bl,x0] = vf.init([BASE],s)
res = None

# Solve aerodynamic problem to convergence
[x,_,_,_,_] = vf.iter(x0,bl,p,s,None,None)
fprev = np.inf
# Find ST and do not change near there
II = np.logical_and(np.fabs(XT-XT[bl[0].sti])>0.001,p.foils[0].X[0,:].ravel()>np.amin(p.foils[0].X[0,:].ravel()))
II[0]=False
II[NVD-1]=False
iter = 0
lam = 1.0
y = np.zeros(NVD)
while True:
iter+=1

# Solve Aerodynamic problem
s.Itermax = 0
s.Silent = True

# Residual
RESy = fac_err*(p.gamma_viscid[0:p.foils[0].N].A1-UT)

# Penalty for thick boundary layer
#REGdelta = bl[0].bl_fl.nodes.delta*facx

# Penalty for smooth displacement
difforder = 2
REGdelta = np.diff(y,difforder)*facx

# Gauss-Newton step from all terms
F = np.r_[RESy,REGdelta,res*fac_res]
fcurr = np.sqrt(F.T@F)

y0 = y
fprev = fcurr
# Find ST and do not change near there
II = np.logical_and(np.fabs(XT-XT[bl[0].sti])>0.001,p.foils[0].X[0,:].ravel()>np.amin(p.foils[0].X[0,:].ravel()))
II[0]=False
II[NVD-1]=False

dF = np.c_[dFdy[:,II],dFdx]
dX = -np.linalg.lstsq(dF,F,rcond=None)[0]
dy = dX[0:np.sum(II)]
dx = dX[np.sum(II)::]
lam = 1

# Print
resaero = np.sqrt(np.matmul(res,res.T))

for k in range(len(dy)):
lam = np.fmin(lam,0.005/abs(dy[k])) # Do not move virtual displacement more than 1mm
for k in range(len(x)):
lam = np.fmin(lam,.2/(abs(dx[k]/x[k])))

print("iter %u res p:%f resaero: %f dvd:%f lam:%f"%(iter, np.sqrt(np.matmul(F,F.T)), \
resaero,np.sqrt(np.matmul(dy,dy.T)),lam))

if np.sqrt(np.matmul(dy,dy.T))<1e-4 and resaero<1e-4:
print("Converged")
break

if iter>100:
print("Not Converged (iteration)")
break

j =0
for k in np.argwhere(II):
y[k] += lam*dy[j]
j+=1
x += lam*dx

Iteration 6, |res| 0.000097, lam 1.000000
iter 1 res p:11.894336 resaero: 0.000097 dvd:0.266439 lam:0.140405
iter 2 res p:42.820851 resaero: 0.004158 dvd:0.234428 lam:0.123880
iter 3 res p:85.835201 resaero: 0.008537 dvd:0.206997 lam:0.119415
iter 4 res p:93.909179 resaero: 0.009357 dvd:0.162562 lam:0.064107
iter 5 res p:96.672841 resaero: 0.009638 dvd:0.137987 lam:0.228048
iter 6 res p:99.598568 resaero: 0.009939 dvd:0.126887 lam:0.236911
iter 7 res p:120.501384 resaero: 0.012039 dvd:0.126665 lam:0.237082
iter 8 res p:168.659996 resaero: 0.016861 dvd:0.102393 lam:0.316430
iter 9 res p:131.675839 resaero: 0.013164 dvd:0.075484 lam:0.215973
iter 10 res p:113.098834 resaero: 0.011307 dvd:0.062747 lam:0.508614
iter 11 res p:72.376591 resaero: 0.007235 dvd:0.035579 lam:0.377960
iter 12 res p:64.119543 resaero: 0.006410 dvd:0.025200 lam:0.547697
iter 13 res p:84.933741 resaero: 0.008492 dvd:0.014152 lam:0.502831
iter 14 res p:55.367172 resaero: 0.005535 dvd:0.008584 lam:0.493695
iter 15 res p:41.002317 resaero: 0.004098 dvd:0.005812 lam:0.650318
iter 16 res p:35.989745 resaero: 0.003597 dvd:0.003268 lam:0.771179
iter 17 res p:24.019512 resaero: 0.002399 dvd:0.002626 lam:1.000000
iter 18 res p:11.607647 resaero: 0.001156 dvd:0.000428 lam:1.000000
iter 19 res p:7.275695 resaero: 0.000720 dvd:0.001337 lam:1.000000
iter 20 res p:2.221979 resaero: 0.000198 dvd:0.000219 lam:1.000000
iter 21 res p:1.019085 resaero: 0.000019 dvd:0.000062 lam:1.000000
Converged

In [4]:
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
matplotlib.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [11, 5.5]
fig,ax = plt.subplots(1,1)
ax.plot(p.foils[0].X[0,:],np.power(UC,2)-1,'-k')
ax.plot(p.foils[0].X[0,:],np.power(p.gamma_viscid[0:p.foils[0].N].A1,2)-1,'-',color=(0.6,0.6,0.6))
ax.plot(p.foils[0].X[0,:],np.power(UT,2)-1,'2k')
ax.legend(['Initial Pressure','Found Pressure','Target Pressure'])
xlim = ax.get_xlim()

fig,ax = plt.subplots(1,1)
lines = None
ax.plot(TARGET[0,:],TARGET[1,:],'2k')
lines = vfp.plot_geometry(ax,p,bl,lines)
ax.legend(['Target Airfoil','Initial Geometry','Found Geometry'])
ax.set_xlim(xlim)

Out[4]:
(-0.049968298803024704, 1.0499984904191917)

[1] Selig, Michael S., and Mark D. Maughmer. Generalized multipoint inverse airfoil design. AIAA journal 30.11 (1992): 2618-2625.

[2] Drela, Mark. XFOIL: An analysis and design system for low Reynolds number airfoils. Low Reynolds number aerodynamics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989. 1-12.